International Journal of Cancer and Treatment is open access, aiming to speed up the announcement of recent advancements in the relevant areas of Cancer Epidemiology, Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Infectious Causes of Cancer, Innovative Tools and Methods, Molecular Cancer Biology, Tumor Immunology and Microenvironment, Tumor Markers and Signatures, Cancer Therapy and Prevention, etc. We promise researchers, academicians and healthcare professionals to offer a forum in disseminating their high quality research work through online. Journal archive page is a platform that one can find recent advancements in various disciplines.

Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body, which is made up of trillions of cells. There are more than 120 types of cancer. we (IJCT) primarily focuses on the topics: Bladder cancer, Lung cancer, Brain cancer, Melanoma, Breast cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Cervical cancer, Ovarian cancer, Colorectal cancer, Pancreatic cancer, Esophageal cancer, Prostate cancer, Kidney cancer, Skin cancer, Leukemia, Thyroid cancer, Liver cancer, Uterine cancer, etc.
 

1.    Bladder cancer: The bladder is a hollow organ that collects urine from the kidneys through the ureters for storage and eventual removal from the body through the urethra. The most common symptom of bladder cancer is bleeding in the urine (hematuria).
Bladder cancer signs and symptoms may include:
•    Blood in urine (hematuria)
•    Painful urination
•    Pelvic pain

2.    Lung cancer: Lung cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that start off in one or both lungs; usually in the cells that line the air passages. The abnormal cells do not develop into healthy lung tissue, they divide rapidly and form tumors.

symptoms of lung cancer may include:
•    A new cough that doesn't go away
•    Coughing up blood, even a small amount
•    Shortness of breath
•    Chest pain
•    Hoarseness
•    Losing weight without trying
•    Bone pain
•    Headache

3.    Brain cancer: Cancers of the brain are the consequence of abnormal growths of cells in the brain. Brain cancers can arise from primary brain cells, the cells that form other brain components (for example, membranes, blood vessels), or from the growth of cancer cells that develop in other organs and that have spread to the brain by the bloodstream (metastatic or secondary brain cancer).

Brain cancer symptoms vary but often include:
•    Weakness
•    difficulty walking and/or dizziness
•    Seizures and
•    Headaches

4.    Melanoma: Melanoma is not the most common type of skin cancer, but it is the most serious because it often spreads. Risk factors for melanoma include overexposure to the sun. Most pigment cells are found in the skin, but melanoma can also occur in the eyes (ocular melanoma) and other parts of the body, including, rarely, the intestines. It is rare in people with darker skin.

The following symptoms and signs:
•    Asymmetry
•    Border irregularity
•    Color changes or too many colors in one mole
•    Diameter more than 6 mm (the size of a pencil eraser)

5.    Breast cancer: Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer in women, and the second main cause of cancer death in women, after lung cancer. Breast cancer is cancer that forms in the cells of the breasts.

Signs and symptoms of breast cancer may include:
•    A breast lump or thickening that feels different from the surrounding tissue
•    Change in the size, shape or appearance of a breast
•    Changes to the skin over the breast, such as dimpling
•    A newly inverted nipple
•    Peeling, scaling, crusting or flaking of the pigmented area of skin surrounding the nipple (areola) or breast skin
•    Redness or pitting of the skin over your breast, like the skin of an orange

6.    Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (also known as non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, NHL, or sometimes just lymphoma) is a cancer that starts in white blood cells called lymphocytes, which are part of the body’s immune system. There are two types of lymphoma. They are treated differently, so it’s important to know which one you have. The information here focuses on non-Hodgkin lymphoma in adults.

Signs and symptoms of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma may include:
•    Painless, swollen lymph nodes in your neck, armpits or groin
•    Abdominal pain or swelling
•    Chest pain, coughing or trouble breathing
•    Persistent fatigue
•    Fever
•    Night sweats
•    Unexplained weight loss

7.    Cervical Cancer: Cervical cancer is the commonest cancer cause of death amongst women in India. Regular screening tests and follow-ups can prevent cervical cancer, one of the most preventable form of gynecological cancers. Cervical cancer begins in the cervix, the narrow organ at the bottom of the uterus that connects to the vagina. The cervix dilates during childbirth to allow for passage of a baby.

Common Symptoms and Signs of Cervical Cancer:
•    Abnormal vaginal bleeding
•    Bleeding that occurs between regular menstrual periods
•    Bleeding after sexual intercourse, douching, or a pelvic exam
•    Menstrual periods that last longer and are heavier than before
•    Bleeding after going through menopause
•    Increased vaginal discharge
•    Pelvic pain
•    Pain during sex

8.    Ovarian cancer: Ovarian cancer is a relatively uncommon type of cancer that arises from different types of cells within the ovary. Ovarian cancer happens when cells divide and multiply in an unregulated way. However, exactly why this happens is not clear. The most common ovarian cancers are known as epithelial ovarian cancers (EOC) or ovarian carcinoma.

Early symptoms of ovarian cancer may include:
•    pain in the pelvis, the lower abdomen, or the lower part of the body
•    back pain
•    indigestion or heartburn
•    feeling full rapidly when eating
•    more frequent and urgent urination
•    pain during sexual intercourse
•    changes in bowel habits, such as constipation

9.    Colorectal cancer: Colorectal cancer, also known as bowel cancer, colon cancer, or rectal cancer, is any cancer that affects the colon and the rectum, the reason why colon cancers occur is not known completely. Sometimes, healthy cells in the colon continue to divide due to a DNA error, even when new cells are not needed. Generally, colon cancer begins as a small collection of cells called polyps. Initially, these polyps may not be cancerous (benign). Later, these polyps can develop into colon cancers.

Symptoms of colorectal cancer include:
•    changes in bowel habits
•    diarrhea or constipation
•    a feeling that the bowel does not empty properly after a bowel movement
•    blood in feces that makes stools look black
•    bright red blood coming from the rectum
•    pain and bloating in the abdomen
•    a feeling of fullness in the abdomen, even after not eating for a while.
•    fatigue or tiredness
•    unexplained weight loss
•    a lump in the abdomen or the back passage felt by your doctor
•    unexplained iron deficiency in men, or in women after menopause

10.    Pancreatic cancer: The pancreas is in the upper part of the tummy (abdomen) just behind the stomach and in front of the spine. It is level with the V-shape where the ribs meet at the front of the body. It is about 15cm (6in) long and is shaped like a tadpole.

Pancreatic cancer can cause other symptoms, such as:
•    loss of appetite
•    Indigestion
•    Feeling sick (nausea) and being sick (vomiting)
•    Feeling bloated after meals
•    Diarrhoea or a change in bowel habits
•    Feeling very tired
•    Diabetes
•    Depression
•    A blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis or DVT) or the lungs (pulmonary embolus)

11.    Esophageal cancer: Esophageal cancer usually begins in the cells that line the inside of the esophagus. Esophageal cancer can occur anywhere along the esophagus. More men than women get esophageal cancer. The esophagus is a hollow muscular tube that’s responsible for moving food from the throat to the stomach. Esophageal cancer can occur when a malignant tumor forms in the lining of the esophagus.

Signs and symptoms of esophageal cancer include:
•    Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
•    Weight loss without trying
•    Chest pain, pressure or burning
•    Worsening indigestion or heartburn
•    Coughing or hoarseness

12.    Prostate cancer: Prostate is responsible for the production of semen in males. Prostate cancer is a form of a cancer that starts in the prostate gland. Both Prostate cancer and BPH (Benign prostatic hyperplasia) can cause an enlarged prostate. However, high grade disease spreads quickly and can be lethal. The prostate is often described as being the size of a walnut and it is normal for it to grow as men age. Sometimes this can cause problems, such as difficulty urinating. These problems are common in older men and not always symptoms or signs of cancer.

Prostate cancer that's more advanced may cause signs and symptoms such as:
•    Trouble urinating
•    Decreased force in the stream of urine
•    Blood in semen
•    Discomfort in the pelvic area
•    Bone pain
•    Erectile dysfunction

13.    Kidney cancer: Kidney, or renal, cancer refers to any type of cancer that involves the kidney. Older age, obesity, smoking, and high blood pressure increase the risk of developing kidney cancer. The kidneys are part of the urinary system, which eliminates waste and excess fluid and electrolytes from the blood. They also control the production of red blood cells and regulate blood pressure.

Kidney cancer signs and symptoms may include:
•    Blood in your urine, which may appear pink, red or cola colored
•    Pain in your back or side that doesn't go away
•    Loss of appetite
•    Unexplained weight loss
•    Tiredness
•    Fever, which usually comes and goes (intermittent)

14.    Skin cancer: Skin cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cancer cells in the skin. Left untreated, with certain types of skin cancer, these cells can spread to other organs and tissues, such as lymph nodes and bone. Most skin cancers are locally destructive cancerous (malignant) growth of the skin. They originate from the cells of the epidermis, the superficial layer of the skin. Unlike cutaneous malignant melanoma, most of these sorts of skin cancers rarely spread to other parts of the body (metastasize) and become life-threatening.

Signs and symptoms of basal cell carcinomas include:
•    Appearance of a shiny pink, red, pearly, or translucent bump
•    Pink skin growths or lesions with raised borders that are crusted in the center
•    Raised reddish patch of skin that may crust or itch, but is usually not painful
•    A white, yellow, or waxy area with a poorly defined border that may resemble a scar

15.    Leukemia: Leukemia is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow. Bone marrow produces blood cells. Leukemia can happen when there is a problem with the production of blood cells. It usually affects the leukocytes, or white blood cells. Many types of leukemia exist. Some forms of leukemia are more common in children. Other forms of leukemia occur mostly in adults. Leukemia symptoms vary, depending on the type of leukemia.

Common leukemia signs and symptoms include:
•    Fever or chills
•    Persistent fatigue, weakness
•    Frequent or severe infections
•    Losing weight without trying
•    Swollen lymph nodes enlarged liver or spleen
•    Easy bleeding or bruising
•    Recurrent nosebleeds
•    Tiny red spots in your skin (petechiae)
•    Excessive sweating, especially at night
•    Bone pain or tenderness

16.    Thyroid cancer: The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck and is most well-known and responsible for producing thyroid hormone, the chemical in the body that is responsible for regulating the body's metabolism. Thyroid cancer occurs in the cells of the thyroid — a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of your neck, just below your Adam's apple. Your thyroid produces hormones that regulate your heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature and weight.

Thyroid cancer typically doesn't cause any signs or symptoms early in the disease. As thyroid cancer grows, it may cause:
•    A lump that can be felt through the skin on your neck
•    Changes to your voice, including increasing hoarseness
•    Difficulty swallowing
•    Pain in your neck and throat
•    Swollen lymph nodes in your neck

17.    Liver cancer: Liver cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the liver. Some cancers develop outside the liver and spread to the area. However, only cancers that start in the liver are described as liver cancer. Liver is a football-sized organ that sits in the upper right portion of your abdomen, beneath your diaphragm and above your stomach. Most people don't have signs and symptoms in the early stages of primary liver cancer.

When signs and symptoms do appear, they may include:
•    Losing weight without trying
•    Loss of appetite
•    Upper abdominal pain
•    Nausea and vomiting
•    General weakness and fatigue
•    Abdominal swelling
•    Yellow discoloration of your skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice)
•    White, chalky stools

18.    Uterine cancer: The uterus, or womb, is the place where a baby grows when a woman is pregnant. There are different types of uterine cancer. The most common type starts in the endometrium, the lining of the uterus. This type is also called endometrial cancer. Uterine cancer usually happens after menopause. It is more common in women who have obesity. You also have a higher risk if you took estrogen-only hormone replacement therapy (menopausal hormone therapy) for many years.

The symptoms of uterine cancer include:
•    Abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge
•    Trouble urinating
•    Pelvic pain
•    Pain during intercourse